Publications: The Urbaneye Working Papers Series

No. 1: Inception Report
by Leon Hempel and Eric Töpfer (January 2002)
The Inception Report presents a brief overview of the rise of CCTV in Europe, the political discussions and regulatory frameworks at the European level, and suggests a draft programme for the assessment of CCTV.

No. 2: Literature Review
by Michael McCahill and Clive Norris (March 2002)
This paper reviews the literature on CCTV surveillance and provides an overview of the main thoughts on the rise of CCTV from the perspectives of sociology, critical criminology and urban geography.

No 3: CCTV in Britain
by Michael McCahill and Clive Norris (March 2002)
This country report outlines the history of CCTV in the "maximum surveillance society" Great Britain, analyses the current debate and provides an overview of the legal framework.

No. 4: Video Surveillance in Norway and Denmark
by Carsten Wiecek and Ann Rudinow Saetnan (March 2002)

No 5: Video Surveillance in Oslo and Copenhagen
by Carsten Wiecek and Ann Rudinow Saetnan (July 2002)

No. 6: CCTV in London
Michael McCahill and Clive Norris (June 2002)
This paper presents the results of a survey in London. The authors "guesstimate" that 500,000 surveillance cameras monitor public and public accessible space in the British capital. Most of these systems seem to be small operations with very little technological sophistication. However, their findings suggest that the majority of them are illegal due to their non-compliance with the UK Data Protection Act.

No. 7: Video Surveillance in Austria
by Steven Ney and Kurt Pichler (April 2002)
This country report provides an overview of the state of affairs, the legal framework and a brief policy analysis for Austria. The authors report that CCTV surveillance by public authorities is subject to strict statutory control, while no explicit regulation exists for private surveillance.

No. 8: Islands and Networks of Visual Surveillance in Berlin
by Eric Töpfer, Leon Hempel and Heather Cameron (December 2003)
This paper presents the findings of a detailed research on CCTV in Berlin. It traces plans and the successful resistance to the installation of open street CCTV, and shows how nevertheless the city is put under increasing surveillance.

No. 9: Surveillance operations in Norwegian and Danish organisations
by Heidi Mork Lomell, Ann Rudinow Saetnan and Carsten Wiecek (September 2003)

No. 10: Four CCTV Systems in London
by Michael McCahill and Clive Norris (April 2003)

No. 11: CCTV in Berlin Shopping Malls
by Frank Helten and Bernd Fischer (April 2003)
This paper provides a survey of video surveillance in Berlin shopping malls and studies the practices of visual surveillance in selected systems.

No. 12: Public opinion on CCTV in the Norwegian capital Oslo
by Ann Rudinow Saetnan, Johanne Yttri Dahl and Heidi Mork Lomell (January 2004)
This paper presents the findings of a high street survey in which 218 people in the centre of Oslo were asked for their knowledge of and their attitudes towards CCTV.

No. 13: What people think about CCTV in Berlin
by Frank Helten and Bernd Fischer (February 2004)
The paper presents the findings of a quantitative and qualitative survey in which people in Berlin where asked for their knowledge and opinions about CCTV, and finally discusses the question whether CCTV affects the everyday behaviour of the urban population.

No. 15: Final Report: CCTV in Europe
by Leon Hempel and Eric Töpfer (August 2004)
The final report summarises the results of the Urbaneye project, compares the case studies and devises policy recommendations. It concludes, that given the combination of opaque surveillance practices and uninformed citizens, the "black box" of increasingly networked CCTV should be opened to ensure democratic control. The extent of surveillance should be made transparent by registration; the proportionality of deployment and its fitness for purpose should be assessed by a licensing system; managers and operators should be made accountable and regular inspection should guarantee compliance with a common and consistent set of codes of practice.